Citation Style and Referencing

  • IRJOSS follows the APA (American Psychological Association) Style, 7th Edition for in-text citations and references.
  • Authors must ensure accuracy, consistency, and completeness of all citations.

In-Text Citations

  • Use author–date citation format.
  • Cite sources within the text immediately after the referenced idea.

Examples:

  • One author:
    • (Ali, 2022)
  • Two authors:
    • (Khan & Ahmed, 2021)
  • Three or more authors:
    • (Hussain et al., 2020)
  • Direct quotation:
    • (Malik, 2019, p. 45)

Reference List

  • The reference list must appear at the end of the manuscript.
  • Arrange references alphabetically by the surname of the first author.
  • Use hanging indentation.
  • Include DOI or URL where available.
  • All sources cited in-text must appear in the reference list and vice versa.

Reference Format Examples

Journal Article: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume (Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxx

Example: Khan, M. A., & Shah, R. (2021). Social development in emerging economies. Journal of Social Studies, 15(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx

Book: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.

Example: Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.

Book Chapter:  Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher.

Website: Author/Organization. (Year). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL

Example: World Bank. (2022). Education and economic growth. https://www.worldbank.org

Thesis / Dissertation:  Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis (Unpublished master’s thesis / Doctoral dissertation). Institution Name.

Citation Ethics:

  • Proper citation is mandatory to avoid plagiarism.
  • Authors must acknowledge all sources of ideas, data, and quotations.
  • Self-plagiarism and excessive self-citation are discouraged.

Responsibility of Authors

  • Authors are fully responsible for the correctness of citations and references.
  • Manuscripts with incomplete or incorrect citations may be returned for revision or rejected.

Recommended Tools

  • Reference management tools such as Mendeley, Zotero, and EndNote may be used.